Time extension under FIDIC 1999 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Time extension under FIDIC 1999 - Essay Example It also includes details of operations like payments and specific works to be done in the contract. Due to the fact that the construction contract comes with numerous elements which define the contractors tender, employers letter of acceptance, contract agreement, contract conditions and technical details2, it is prone to numerous issues that can affect its interpretation. This include misunderstanding, conflict and other disputes. In order to minimize these problems, FIDIC has a set of standardised rules and regulations that control the operation of construction contracts. The 1999 FIDIC Red Book sets out provisions for continuity of projects, encouragement of of constructive relationships and provisions for dealing with uncertainties3. Clause 20.1 provides an important guideline on how claims can be made and it regulates the relationship between Employers and Contractors on making claims for further payments and time extensions amongst other things4. Clause 20.1 states that: â€Å"If the Contractor considers himself to be entitled to any extension of the Time for completion and/or any additional payment, under any Clause of these conditions or otherwise in connection with the contract, the Contractor shall give notice to the Engineer describing the event or circumstances giving rise to the claim. The notice shall be given as son as practicable, and not later than 28 days after the Contractor becomes aware or should, after the contractor becomes aware, or should have become aware of the events or circumstances† This clause attempts to create a timeframe within which Contractors must report issues relating to time constraints need for further payments and other issues. This is necessary because there is the need for some kind of order to ensure that Employers and Contractors needs are respected and there is no indefinite right for Contractors to come back with their demands and requests for time

Gays Adopting Children Essay Example for Free

Gays Adopting Children Essay Society is a flexible structure. Only this way it can serve the best way for its members. Democratic process is aimed to increase the rights of its citizens. Nowadays the theme of sexuality becomes an important social issue. Recognition of rights of homosexuals is an important process, which signifies that a lot of people are ready to express freely their sexual preferences and are ready to fight for their rights. Legalization of homosexual marriages and the right of such couples to adopt children is an important and controversial issue of our time. â€Å"Researchers estimate that the total number of children nationwide living with at least one gay parent ranges from six to 14 million† (Gottman, 105). At the present moment many countries legalized the right of lesbian and gay couples to adapt children. Such countries as Andorra, Belgium, Guam, Iceland, the Netherlands, Sweden, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom. It is also legal in some separate parts of the Australia, Canada and the United States. In the United States of America 22 states allow lesbian and gay couples to adopt children. The issue is so burning because for homosexual parents adopting becomes the only way to have a child. Even the artificial insemination can not be applied in all cases. First of all this method can be used only for lesbian couples. In addition another spouse form the couple has to adopt a child in order to become his legal parent. For gay couples this method can not be applied. In addition, adopting is a right of each person. That is the reason the question is more important than just an opportunity for homosexual couples to have children. In April 2001 Holland enlarged the definition of marriage and enabled the people of the same sex to get married. Same did Belgium in 2003. The next was Canada. Same sex couples can get married in San Francisco since February 12 of the 2004, because of an action by their mayor. The question of the legislation of homosexual marriages becomes more and more burning and needs a deep survey. There are a lot of reasons against same sex marriages. One of the reasons is that homosexual marriages contradict the tradition. The idea of homosexual marriages threats the very idea of the sanctity of the marriage. The term marriage should refer to a loving relationship between man and woman. The institution of marriage considers the union of two adults of different sex living together. For centuries the marriage was considered just between the people of the opposite sex and by now the marriage of the people of the same sex can be wrong on an evolutionary scale (Coolidge, 1997). People don’t have much faith in the marriage institutions now and the legislation of the heterosexual marriages can weaken this faith. In addition, if the homosexual marriages are legalized to protect the freedom of human why there should be other restrictions for the marriages such as marring the relative or the age of getting married? So called domino effect can cause the demand to cancel all kinds of restrictions on the marriages. If the marriages between the people of the same sex can be accepted like a demonstration of the free will of the individuals, why can’t be accepted the marriage between the brother and the sister or other close relatives? In the case of legalization of homosexual marriages we speak only about the rights of homosexual people. The issue becomes much more complicated when it comes to adopting children. In this case the rights of both, homosexual parents and the rights of adopted children should be considered. Since children are not able to express their own will during the process of adoption, the society must make an important choice deciding on the rights of children. From the other hand it is necessary to mind the right of homosexual couples, who also have their rights and desires. There are many arguments pro and contra adopting children by homosexual couples. Those who stand for giving homosexual couples this right state that all people must have rights to adopt children. If both parents are able to give their child all normal conditions for living, there is no reason to ban homosexual parents to adopt children. Those, who are against this right, state that homosexual couple will not be able to provide normal life conditions for children. In this case the question about â€Å"normality† arises. Social norms are expanded with each year. Homosexual relations, which were considered sinful and even criminal several centuries ago, become a social norm nowadays. This means that the meaning of â€Å"normal† family structure and â€Å"normal† life conditions can also be transformed with the flow of time. Those, who support an idea to give the right of adopting to homosexual couples state that many children wait for adoption and giving this right to homosexual couple would help to improve the situation. In addition specialists, who stand for the legalization of the right of homosexual couples to adopt children state that only small number of children from heterosexual families have normal life conditions. â€Å"Most children in the United States do not live with two married parents. In fact, according to the 2000 census, only 24% homes were composed of a married mother and father with children living at home. † (Green,1978, p. 19) In the case with homosexual family the children will have two parents, even if they are of the same sex. In â€Å"normal† families children often have only one parent. The proponents of legalization of adoption give data, which proves that children, grown up in one-parent and homosexual families, have same level of emotional and social adaptation as children from heterosexual families. This means that homosexuality of parents has little effect on the development of a child. As state specialists, children are more influenced by their relations with their parents and social surrounding than by the sexual orientation of their parents. Even the American Association of Paediatrics agreed with this opinion and supported the legalization of adoption. In addition, if we turn to legal issues, there is no official reasons to ban homosexual couples to adapt children. There is no special amendment in the Constitution, which would deny gay and lesbian couples their rights to adopt children. Most courts, which should make a decision concerning adopting, are be driven by the interests of a child. It is evident that for children having non-traditional family with loving parents is much better than not have any. If sexual orientation of parents has little impact on the living conditions of their children, homosexuality of parents should not be an obstacle for adopting of a child. There are no serious objections, which would prove that gay and lesbian couples will make bad parents. â€Å"Home environments with lesbian and gay parents are as likely to successfully support a childs development as those with heterosexual parents† (Schelberg, Mitnick 2006) Specialists state that here is not connection between sexual orientation and parenting skills. This means that homosexual people can be perfect parents, same as heterosexual people can be bad ones. In addition there is a legal controversy, concerning the right to adoption. Legally, even single parents have right to adopt children. Here arises a kind of controversy since one person can adopt a child but he or she can not do the same thing if he has a spouse of the same sex. Those, who stand against the legalization of homosexual’s right to adopt a child give their arguments in order to support their position. They state that homosexual environment can have an extremely negative effect on child’s development. Some researches (Golombok, Tasker) state that children, raised by homosexual parents, are more likely to adopt same patterns of sexual behaviour. In other words children, raised in homosexual families have more chances to become homosexuals as well. As Golombok and Tasker state: â€Å"by creating a climate of acceptance or rejection of homosexuality within the family, parents may have some impact on their children’s sexual experimentation as heterosexual, lesbian or gay† (Golombok, Tasker, 1993, p. 124). According to their opinion homosexual couples should not be giving a right to adoption. Sexuality is not only personal affair. It’s also social phenomenon society has to deal with. Woodhorse talks about the fortification of gender roles and restrictions to this roles brought to the social culture by transvestites. He believes that cross-dressing and transvestites make a potential danger for the society as it can lead to the displacement of gender categories and gender roles. On a social and cultural level the two groups (male and female) are equally restricted. (Woodhouse,1996, p. 117). The marriage is an institution aiming to create a family first of all and the family presumes giving birth to children. Homosexual marriage create no opportunities for natural reproduction. Modern science gave people opportunities to have children even in the same sex marriage but a number of problems appear. It’s commonly known that men and women are equal creatures and have same rights and obligations but they are not identical and usually presume different models of behavior, models of reactions and thinking. A lot of research made by scientists proves that the child needs both – a mother and a father to become a full personality (Donovan, 2001). There are some things during the upbringing which can be taken only from women’s or only from men’s behavior patters. The children raised in the homosexual families will not have the opportunity to see both –female and male behavioral patters, which can cause serious problems for their future life. In addition the children raised in a homosexual surrounding are more probably to pick up same lifestyle in the future and to copy the model of homosexual relationship. Another problem the children from the homosexual families can and most probably will come across is an attitude of the surrounding. The children can meet a social hostility from the very beginning of their social interaction due to their family background which can make more difficult the social adaptation in the future (Stone 2006). A lot of homosexual couples meet social and religious disapproval but they have chosen their type of behavior themselves and must be responsible for their decisions. The children raised in the homosexual families do not have this choice. Negative attitude of the church to same sex marriages can create additional problems for children. Another problem appears with the children, adopted by gay couples. The patters of family behavior, which are presented in homosexual families, are very different from patterns, peculiar to heterosexual families. This issue is very important since children most probably will adapt the type of relations they see in their family. Homosexual relations usually are thought to be not traditional ones and talking about sexuality in this type of relations is difficult due to the multiple variations of these relations. There are a lot of distinctions between homosexual and heterosexual relationships. Complementary nature of the most heterosexual relations is not so evident in homosexual ones. In most of the homosexual relations there is a division, which is expressed more directly in heterosexual relations. In homosexual relations two people take different roles. Usually, in both, female and male homosexual relationship there are active and passive partners. The roles may change but usually the division to active and passive partner is saved and this relation is usually transmitted to other spheres of life of the couple. Passive partner usually takes female roles in sex and everyday behaviour. An active partner plays the role of the man accordingly. There are derivations in the models of homosexual relations. Tapinc (1992) distinguishes four additional models of homosexual relations. In the first model both males are homosexual. This is one of traditional homosexual models. â€Å"The homosexual mail pair consists of the erastes and the eromenos, ‘lover’ and ‘beloved’; we can infer an active/passive division, but strictly speaking these are not examples of inserter/receptor terminology. (Norton, p. 2002 5) Homosexual male relations are rarely monogamous. Journal of Sex Research made a study of the sexual profiles of 2,583 older homosexuals. â€Å"Research found that only 2. 7 percent claimed to have had sex with one partner only. Research elsewhere indicated that only a few homosexual relationships last longer than two years, with many men reporting hundreds of lifetime partners† (Bozett 1993, p. 112). This way if homosexual parents get an opportunity to adopt children, this most probably will result in the transformation of the role and functions of family. Children, grown up in such untraditional families with untraditional family values, will use this model in their future families. This may result in the increase of the families with untraditional family values. Possible consequences of this phenomenon are very hard to predict. To sum up, there are many reasons for and against adopting children by gay and lesbian couples, There is no one definite opinion concerning this issue. The debates concerning this subject are hold in several spheres, such as religions, social and political ones. A lot of important factors should be considered in order to take a right decision concerning this issue. Adopting concerns the rights of both – children and homosexual couples and decision should the best way serve to the interests of both sides. References 1. Atlanta Journal-Constitution, (2002, Oct 4). NA. Retrieved February 19, 2008, from Database. Gale Power Search. 2 . Bailey, J. M. , Bobrow, D. , Wolfe, M. Mikach, S. (1995), Sexual orientation of adult sons of gay fathers, Developmental Psychology, 31, 124-129; 3. Bozett, F. W. (1987). Children of gay fathers, F. W. Bozett (Ed. ), Gay and Lesbian Parents (pp. 39-57), New York: Praeger; 4. Coolidge, David Orgon, (March 1997). Same-Sex Marriage? Baehr v. Miike and the Meaning of Marriage, South Texas Law Review, 38:1-119 5. Davidson, Arnold (1987) ‘Sex and the emergence of sexuality’, Critical Inquiry, 14 (Autumn), 16-48, reprinted in 6. Stein, Edward (ed. ), Forms of desire (1992, 1990), 89-132. 7. Donovan, (2001,Sept 14). Judge upholds Florida ban on gay adoption. National Catholic Reporter, p. 37, 39. 8. Gay rights. The Advocate, (2002, April 30). p. 18(1). 9. Gottman, J. S. (1991), Children of gay and lesbian parents, F. W. Bozett M. B. Sussman, (Eds. ), Homosexuality and Family Relations (pp. 177-196), New York: Harrington Park Press; 10. Golombok, S. , Spencer, A. , Rutter, M. (1983), Children in lesbian and single-parent households: psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 551-572; 11. Green, R. (1978), Sexual identity of 37 children raised by homosexual or transsexual parents, American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 692-697; Huggins, S. L. 12. Lewin, Tamar (2001, August 31). Court backs Florida ban on adoption by gays. The New York Times, p. A14 13. Stone, Andrea (2006, Feb 21). Drives to ban gay adoption heat up. USA Today, p. 01A. 14. Schelberg, Neal S. and Carrie L. Mitnick, (2004). Same-Sex Marriage: the Evolving Landscape for Employee Benefits,

Overview Of Community Health Nursing Health Essay

Overview Of Community Health Nursing Health Essay The field of community health nursing has evolved through four distinct stages. The early home care nursing stage dates back to before the mid-1800s. During this stage, nursing and religion were closely related. Religious groups took on the roles and responsibilities of caring for those in need of healthcare. The first representation of nursing was apparent in 1617 with the Sisters of Charity. They were a religious group primarily composed of nuns. The main focus of these women was to direct their care towards the sick poor population. They wanted to help those who were ill but were unable to access proper care. They would visit the sick at their homes and provide any necessary treatment. Following the successful actions of the Sisters of Charity, community health nursing was temporarily put on hold. The setback was due to the Reformation and the Industrial Revolution. These major historical events lead to fewer religious groups and an increase in epidemics. Infant mortality rates, m ental illnesses, communicable diseases, and work related injuries were on the rise. During these miserable living conditions, Florence Nightingale became noticed for her improvements in nursing care. Her work during the Crimean War greatly impacted the direction of community health nursing. She saved many lives by controlling the spread of infectious disease. She was the first leader of health prevention and health promotion (Allender Spradley, 2005). The district nursing stage occurred from the mid-1800s to 1900. William Rathbone largely impacted this stage. His wife benefited from a home health nurse while she was sick. He decided to hire the nurse that cared for his wife to work in the community and provide care to all poor individuals as necessary. Due to insufficient sanitation and unsafe working conditions, the need for nurses in the community was very demanding. Therefore, William Rathbone hired many more nurses to work in the community. In 1861, Rathbone founded the first training school for visiting nurses. Once the nurses completed their education, they were sent out to work in a specific district in the community. These nurses were responsible for taking care of the poor and teaching them proper hygiene and health-related habits. They taught new mothers how to prevent infant diarrhea to reduce the risk of infant mortality. This area of nursing gained more attention from the government and became financed from public mon ey instead of from religious and charitable donations (Allender Spradley, 2005). The public health nursing stage took place between the years of 1900-1970. The nurse role extended beyond treating only the poor; therefore, Lillian D. Wald coined the term public health nursing. These nurses worked outside of the traditional hospital settings and were required to treat the general population. There were many different areas for nurses to provide their care in the public; such as, infant welfare, venereal disease control, school health, and mental health programs. In 1903, Robert Koch proved that tuberculosis is communicable. This discovery led to more nurses working in tuberculosis clinics trying to minimize outbreaks. Nurses were responsible for teaching the public in the hopes of promoting healthy habits and preventing illness. Wald began implementing policies, laws, and standards within the public to improve the health of the population. In 1912, she founded the National Organization for Public Health Nursing. The career path was gaining popularity and finally co nsidered a respectable profession (Allender Spradley, 2005). The community health nursing stage is the final stage. It began in 1970 and presently exists. It is difficult to distinguish between the public health nursing stage and the community health nursing stage. The two terms are very similar and used interchangeably. Community health refers to all nurses who practice in the community. They may not necessarily focus on public health practices; such as, health promotion and prevention. Community health nurses were seen working at senior centres, community-health clinics, doctors offices, schools, and occupational environments. They began working in collaboration with many other health professionals; such as, physicians, physiotherapists, social workers, and nutritionists. Community health nursing has advanced significantly throughout the past century (Allender Spradley, 2005). The field of community health nursing is very diverse. The current practice of community health nursing includes primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. A community health nurse may work for an official public health agency concentrating on primary prevention. They may work towards implementing policies; such as, a smoke-free Ontario. They can organize programs within the community to educate the public; such as, participACTION, fall prevention, and well baby program. These nurses can work in occupational settings trying to prevent work-related injuries. They may also be seen working for telephone help lines where they give advice and referrals for those who need assistance. An important mechanism of primary prevention is vaccination clinics. The goal of primary prevention is to prevent illness from occurring in the first place. The purpose of secondary prevention is to diagnose illness as early as possible. Nurses can work for screening clinics and help wi th early treatment plans. Tertiary prevention aims to provide the community with rehabilitation facilities. Nurses can have important roles promoting and maintaining good health (Stamler Yiu, 2005). Community health nursing is a very valuable nursing specialty. There have been many successes leading to positive outcomes for communities around the world. A current strength is giving vaccinations. Vaccinations are extremely important in preventing serious illness. They save the health care system significant amounts of money each year by preventing disease. Vaccinations have completely removed certain diseases that were once considered fatal. A second strength is the maintenance of sanitary living conditions which reduce the risk of spreading infectious diseases. A third strength is the multiple programs organized through public health agencies. There are education programs that create awareness of sexually transmitted diseases and prompt treatment with medication. Other programs promote the use of seat-belts, car seats, and helmets, causing motor-vehicle related injuries to drastically reduce. Public health nurses have helped reduce the amount of deaths related to cardiovascular accidents by encouraging smoking cessation and running blood pressure clinics. There are nurses who have promoted healthy eating to reduce diseases related to malnutrition; such as, rickets. Public health nursing has created a safer and healthier community (Thornbory, 2009). There are three main challenges in the field of community health nursing. The first challenge is that there is a lack of evidence based research to guide the practice and form new policies. The majority of current research studies are used to guide nursing practice within the hospital setting but not within the community setting. There is a very minimal amount of objective data and statistics within community-based research. The problem associated with lack of scientific research is that it creates a communication barrier. It makes it almost impossible to create new policies. A second challenge is related to policy implementation. Nurses can spend a great deal of time explaining to the public why it is important to exercise and eat healthy, but education is not enough. The environment plays a large role and impedes much of what nurses try to educate (Thornbory, 2009). For example, public health nurses can encourage children to eat fruits and vegetables but the school cafeteria only s ells junk food. Policies can be created to make fruits and vegetables more affordable but there are more fast-food restaurants than grocery stores. The third challenge is avoiding ethical dilemmas. A community health nurse may be responsible for providing care to an individual while simultaneously protecting the health of the community. It is possible that these two obligations may come into conflict with one another and the nurse is left with a tough decision. For example, a nurse counsels a client who just found out he has tuberculosis. The client decides he does not want treatment. He has the right to autonomy, confidentiality, and freedom of choice but his decision puts the community at risk. This example demonstrates an ethical dilemma that a community health nurse may face. She must decide if she wants to defend her individual patient or go against his wishes for the greater good of the public (CNA, 2006). There are a few challenges in the community health nursing field but th ey do not outweigh the successes. Community health nursing is expected to expand even further throughout the next several years. It may begin to include forensic nursing and disaster nursing. If current trends continue, those specific areas within the community may be in demand. Sexual assault and domestic violence has been on the rise and nurses have the potential to help the situation. These nurses would have to have very good assessment skills and be able to collect physical evidence from a victimà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s body. There have also been many disasters the past few years; such as, the terrorist attack on 911 and hurricane Katrina. Nurses will be needed in the future if similar situations arise (Stamler Yiu, 2005). I am interested in becoming a community health nurse. I do not want to work a high stress job in a hospital atmosphere. Important skills for a community health nurse to acquire are communication, teaching, and management (Hunt Zurek, 1997). I can communicate effectively to clients and show empathy when appropriate. I have very good time management skills as well as being organized. I can work in collaboration with others or independently. I think I am most interested in becoming a home health nurse or a public health nurse. I feel that I could assess a communityà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s needs and create a productive plan. I am looking forward to the reward of helping people from diverse populations. This paper has examined the various aspects of community health nursing. Community health nursing has progressed from religious and charitable organisations to many more career options being funded by the government. There are many opportunities for community health nurses. They may experience a variety of work environments and roles. The role of the nurse may be to prevent disease, promote healthy living, or take care of those who are sick in their homes. This specialty of nursing has progressed immensely since the 1600s and will most likely continue to advance into the future.

The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare :: The Taming of the Shrew Essays

In the late twentieth century, it is not unusual for audience members to come away from productions of The Taming of the Shrew with the impression that they have just witnessed the story of a dynamic woman turned into a Stepford wife.1 There are also Shakespearean critics who hold such views. G. I. Duthie, for instance, describes Katherina as a "spirited woman who is cowed into abject submission by the violence of an egregious bully" (147). John Fletcher's 1611 play The Woman's Prize, or the Tamer Tamed, in which Petruchio's second wife treats him as he had treated Kate,2 suggests that even during Shakespeare's lifetime the battle of the sexes within the play had become a battle of the critics outside it.3 Shakespearean scholars on the other side argue, as Charles Boyce does, that far from being a tale of domination, "the play's main plot concerns the development of character and of love in a particular sort of personality" (626). Boyce goes on to say that "The violence in The Shrew--except for the beatings of servants ... is limited to Katherina's own assaults on Bianca and Petruchio" (626). Nor is Boyce alone in his belief that Petruchio is physically kind to Kate; as Robert Speaight writes, "It is only to others that he is rough" (59). Much of the confusion comes from a simultaneous idealization of the twentieth century4 and denigration of the sixteenth, a glorification of the sensibilities of modern critics, directors, and audiences coupled with a condemnation of the "medieval" insensitivity of the playwright. For example, Jonathan Miller, director of the 1980 BBC Shrew, says, "Shakespeare is extolling the virtues of the obedient wife ... in accordance with the sixteenth-century belief that for the orderly running of society, some sort of sacrifice of personal freedom is necessary." He defends his position with an attack, arguing that "If we wish to make all plays from the past conform to our ideals ... we're simply rewriting all plays and turning them into modern ones," a practice he calls "historical suburbanism" (140). However, he is himself engaging in a procedure which might be called historical blurring, allowing certain historical trends to obscure individuals and their divergent opinions.5 No period can be correctly characterized as homogeneous, certainly not a time as tendentious as the Renaissance. To maintain that women's rights were not hotly debated by Shakespeare and his contemporaries is ignorance coupled with arrogance, and to fit the creator of Portia, Rosalind, and Viola into the company of male supremacists requires an adept mental contortionist.

Organization Evaluation

The organization that I will describe today is where I work, at Applause's. Here we have a vertical structure that consists of the owner, general manager, four managers, and all employees directly below them. The owner has complete control and say over everything that goes on in the restaurant. The general manager receives information on how to run and operate from the owner and relay that information down to the four members of management directly below him. Their Jobs are to collect information from the general manager and use that to complete their tasks and engage the employees under them.Each member of management has their own crew that they run, create schedules for, and help when problems arise. There is the kitchen manager who runs the kitchen crew and oversees the kitchen employees schedules, the food prep, and cleaning. There is also the bar manager who creates bartender schedules and training, as well as liquor costs and control. The staff manager creates schedules for the hosts and servers, controls the flow of the seating and dining experience, and ensures that the customers are happy.Finally the fourth anger is the assistant manager who can help out all managers with their duties and has basically the same responsibilities as the others but without a direct pool of employees. If business gets poor he will be able to assist every area of the restaurant. This form of organization varies from a horizontal structure because, although there are several managers on one level and all employees on one level, all employees report to a separate manager who resolves any issues, problems, or conflicts.There is no confusion as to who to report to and information is kept organized and accurate because there is only one person to report to. A horizontal structure in my company would have several managers for each section of the restaurant. There would be two or more kitchen managers, staff managers, bar managers and assistant managers. Although the assistant man ager helps out with everything in the restaurant, there is still only one manager for each area of the restaurant.Another form of organization would be a functional form of organization where the organizations â€Å"are specialized and grouped according to business unction's and the skills they require: production, marketing, human resources, research and development, finance, accounting, and so forth† (Bateman & Snell, 2011). The company I work for is similar to this form because all areas of the restaurant are separated into several areas where one person runs, maintains and regulates what goes on in that area.The only real downside of this type of organization is if it were in a very large company. Information and workloads may become too great for one person to handle. In this case, information can get lost and radioactivity can slow because of management becoming over worked. As the book states, â€Å"this type of structure may be most appropriate in smaller business se ttings and if the business becomes fragmented it may have difficulty bringing new products to customers and responding quickly to customer needs† (Bateman & Snell, 2011).I do not feel like the marketing department has anything to do with how the company's organizational structure because it is a chain restaurant. Therefore marketing is done at another location and does not interfere with how this branch is run. The name goes for the finance area, although they are pretty tight on the financial aspect so I feel like a vertical structure was chosen to save money. If they had a horizontal structure they would need to spend additional money on extra employees and or managers.Human resources' is also an area I feel is not affecting how the structure of our branch is run. However operations do affect how the structure is set up. Our shifts and workload is directly affected by the business that comes in. If there is a lot of business we will all have plenty of shifts and be able to w ork enough to make accessory money. If business gets poor enough all employees will be cut and management will take over and do our Jobs. I always hear the managers' talk about labor costs to sales and when sales are low people are asked to leave to save money.I think that by having a vertical structure the restaurant saves the most money because people and managers not only have one division of employees but are crossed trained in order to save money when needed. When looking at geographic, organizational, customer based, product, marketing channels, and personalization organizational design, these help determine which structure best suits the company I work for because we base the work we do (how much and for how long) entirely on sales and revenue that the company brings in.When you get into the human recourse and marketing area of the company the Jobs are stable and not reliant on sales. The organizational structure that we have is based off of customers. The larger part of the company would have maybe a horizontal structure when we get into marketing and there might be several managers controlling this rear because the demand for new food, advertisements, and ways to save money are a never-ending need which means that many brains are needed and that they will pay more people to work these Jobs which means the need creates the organizational structure of a horizontal structure.Because the actual restaurant is also customer based it means that based on sales, the structure is determined by the customer. If sales are high we can have more people on shift. If sales are low they have to ask people to leave and cut shifts so a vertical organization is ideal because each anger knows how to perform the employee tasks and can take over if necessary.Also by having a vertical organization the company is saving money on the restaurant level because they do not have to hire multiple people to do one Job. In the end the company I work for, on the restaurant level has a dopted a vertical form of organization which I feel is the best option because it saves money by adapting to a customer needs based environment. One manager monitors and controls many employees.

Western Film Genre

Western Film Genre Avi Flombaum 01/01/02 Dr. Jucovy Film Think of a western "‚“ the lone cowboy and his quest for identity, the damsel in distress, the trusty steed, the beautiful landscapes, the innocent town, the gun-slinging villain, the deadly noontime duel, and the ride off into the sunset. These staples define the western. Two critical opinions on the significance of these staples are presented in Katherine Lawrie's essay "Cookie-Cutter or Connoisseur? Genre Theory and John Ford's Stagecoach"‚  (Lawrie). The first is that of Robert Warshow who believes that the focus of any western should be on these elements alone. "Most contentiously, he [Warshow] mandates that the narrative focus upon the individual hero's plight to assert his identity, and diminishes the importance of secondary characters and issues, or any tendency toward "social drama" (Lawrie). The other theory, Katherine Lawrie's, states that varying the core, and including social themes in westerns creates interesting and moving films, which justifies the existence of the genre.Shane (film)Two unarguable members of the western genre, Stagecoach and Shane, contain relationships and interactions that Warshow would seem to consider "non-western."‚  They do not focus on the protagonist's quest for identity, but rather, seem to convey emotional themes and social commentary through personal relationships.Stagecoach begins with a fifteen-minute introduction of characters, none of which is Ringo, the classic white clothed, cowboy. Already, the narrative is not focused on the cowboy, but on the other characters and their interactions. They act out in their relationships their representative social types. Cinematically, the montage prologue automatically builds the relationship between the characters. When the gambler sees Mrs. Mallory approaching, the camera takes great care to separate the gambler from his game, and then, Mrs. Mallory from her group of escorts. This technique forms the future bond bet ween these characters.The camera creates...

Macbeth and the Traits of a Tragic Hero Essays

Macbeth and the Traits of a Tragic Hero Essays Macbeth and the Traits of a Tragic Hero Essay Macbeth and the Traits of a Tragic Hero Essay Heroes come in all shapes and sizes. Some heroes are heroic and some are tragic. Shakespeare was known for writing pieces with tragic heroes. Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s most famous tragic heroes. The three traits that best demonstrate how Macbeth is a tragic hero are his tragic flaw, his downfall, and his increased awareness. Having a tragic flaw is one of the major traits of a tragic hero that applies to Macbeth. His tragic flaw throughout the whole play was that he had unchecked ambition and desire for power. This was one of the major reasons for his downfall. He did many things to gain prestige and power that backfired on him and ruined his life. Throughout the entire play, Macbeth’s ambition led him to make many questionable decisions that ultimately ruined his character and led to his death.An example in the play of where Macbeth shows his unchecked desire to be king is directly after he receives the witch’s prophecy.He says â€Å"My thought whose murder yet is but fantastical, shakes so my single state of man that function is smothered in surmise and nothing is but what is not† (Shakespeare 357).By saying this Macbeth meant that he could kill the king and fulfill the prophecy and become the new king. This shows his willingness to commit terrible acts to gain the prestige and po wer he desires.Macbeth’s tragic flaw of unchecked ambition greatly affects his character throughout the entire play. Another trait of a tragic hero that Macbeth displays is that he has a downfall.Macbeth begins the story as a well-respected man in his community.He has some power and is of the higher class, but he eventually becomes greedy and wants to acquire more power and prestige which eventually leads to his downfall. Macbeth’s mental downfall begins when he decides that he is going to kill Duncan and he begins hallucinating about the murder.After murdering the king and Banquo Macbeth’s mental state begins to deteriorat

All New People By Anne Lamott Essays - Guggenheim Fellows

All New People By Anne Lamott Essays - Guggenheim Fellows All New People By Anne Lamott I believe All New People by Ann Lamott was chosen for the Independent Thinkers Ser Sex, drugs, presidential scandals, all this and more is to be found in the magnificently written novel All New People by Anne Lamott. Probing into a timeless array of chaos and personal tragedy, Lamott manages to tie the story together with a mixture of personal experiences and documented historical references creating an almost nostalgic, dreamy tone. As Naddy Goodman, the narrator and main character of the saga is introduced, she is undergoing a series of hypnosis sessions which reveal many painful childhood memories. While none too extreme, the sheer simplicity of her emotional problems is ironic. After a lifetime of longing for emotional and physical acceptance from others, she has come full-circle to the realization that she must first accept and love herself. I especially enjoyed the way the author expresses her feelings about the breakdown of morals in society. This, to me, was best exemplified when the neighborhood fathers, including Naddys, decided the world held more fascinating things for them than they could find within the boundaries of their own, settled lives. Before this time it was almost unheard of for a father to leave his family because he was tired of it. Lamott clearly and loudly states the meaning of her book in the title, All New People. This book was written for anyone who has ever looked back on his or her life with regret. Whether a pessimist or an optimist, In a hundred years? -All new people.

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Project Management - Essay Example A formal project technique ought to outline the roles of each team member all through the project time. In project management, software is becoming increasingly important in order to assess the implementation and final success of a project. This paper will discuss how project management techniques can be used to improve the completion of projects, the role of start, finish times with respect to project completion time, and explain the role of software in project management. Project management techniques can help to improve the completion of the projects in that they can used to determine where change is needed and to help in integrating such changes into the project plans. Project management techniques help to evaluate all facets of administrative, technical, social and operational modifications based on the project prerequisites, in order to successful complete the project (Wysocki 324). Besides helping to identify such changes, the techniques help toprioritize the urgency and order of their implementation to maximize the project completion. Project analysis techniques are applied to recognize the essential and non-essential tasks and activities pertaining to a project thus increasing the chances of project completion by reducing unnecessary non-essential activities that could hamper the completion of the project on time (Wysocki 455). The analyses help to outline the most effective and efficient approach to implement the project. The project start and finish times are very critical since they help to plan and project costs and ensure successful completion of a project. Start and finish time characterize the duration each undertaking in the project requires in order to be accomplished. The time is dependent on the size and input required to accomplish various project activities. The project time, determined by the difference between the start and finish time, gives an outline to transform the inputs into outputs.

History and theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

History and theory - Essay Example Las Vegas and Dubai represent two hot points in the global tourism map. These two desert cities have grown from dusty outposts to globally known tourist destinations over a short period of time. Las Vegas is globally recognised as the entertainment capital of the world and this tourist destination is prominent for its casino hotels and related entertainment activities. Dubai is also a famous global destination that attracts visitors on the strength of wonderful shopping experiences and other ancient and modern attractions. Despite political, economical, social, and environmental differences, Las Vegas and Dubai uphold prominent positions as the most attractive tourist destinations of the world, for these two cities   have notably contributed to their home countries’ GDP even in the midst of the recent   global financial crisis.  This paper will evaluate the tourism sector of Las Vegas and Dubai and explore further scope of tourism development in these cities. Overview of tourism in Las Vegas and Dubai Las Vegas witnessed unprecedented positive changes in its tourism industry throughout the second half of the 20th century. During this time, this city was one of a few global tourist destinations that offered entertainments like casino gambling. ... The proliferation of the gaming industry over the last few decades forced Las Vegas tourism sector to strengthen its market position. In spite of these challenges, Las Vegas still remains to be a hot choice for tourists across the globe. Official data indicate that 39,727,022 people visited Las Vegas in 2012 (Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority). While analyzing the latest financial reports, it seems that the region’s tourism sector has begun to recover from the global financial crisis. According to the financial data released by the Gaming Control Board, the city’s revenues on the Strip increased by 3.6% to reach $580.7 million in October 2012 as compared to the revenues realized in the same period a year ago (Higgins 2012). In addition, the region’s tourism industry produced nearly 16,000 jobs in leisure and hospitality sectors since the worst of the recent global recession in November 2009 (Rossi 2011). Stratosphere, the tallest observation tower in th e Western US, is one of the major attractions of Las Vegas. It offers spectacular views and amusement rides like SkyJump, Insanity, Big Shot, and X-Scream (Las Vegas Sun). The fountains at Bellagio is another well known attraction of the Las Vegas Strip. The dancing waters choreographed to popular music greatly amuse visitors. Another prominent attraction is Las Vegas Strip’s Fashion Show Mall, one of the largest enclosed malls in the United States. It contains many stores, restaurants, seven flagship department stores, fashion runway, and other facilities. The city’s 3.9-mile Monorail system gives a wonderful transport experience to visitors. This Monorail system is the only privately owned public

Spotify E-Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Spotify E-Commerce - Essay Example On a day-to-day basis, the company utilizes technology in conducting their operations. Additionally, the management uses generic marketing strategy in products and services to consumers. In addition to using Apple airplay, Denon and Marantz, Logitech squeezebox, Onkyo Network-Capable Receivers and Sonos Digital Music Systems, the company employs a combination of marketing strategies in promoting their products to clients. According to Gilmour (2012), Spotify uses cost leadership, product differentiation and generic strategies in the market. As discussed in the report, innovations are vital to success at spotify. The discussion is highlighting the implications of technologies at Spotify, the types of technologies used by the company, and the information systems used in conducting operations at the company. The report’s aim was to analyze the strategies that Sportify uses in conducting its operations in the global market, thereafter make recommendations that will suit the intere st of the company. According to Sehgal (2010, p. 12), the report used online content in analyzing the stratagem that Sportify use in the market. The information was sourced from journals, books and sportify’s website. E-commerce Introduction Spotify TM is a Swedish company that offers a variety of entertainment services to consumers in different parts of the globe. The company has its head office in London but it still conducts some of its operations in Sweden. Additionally, the company offers services that include streaming of music and sharing of data via the internet (Eldring, 2009). Sportify TM works in conjunction with companies like Sony, universal records and EMI in ensuring that the company meets the growing demand in entertainment industry. Currently, the company serves more than twenty million customers on an annual basis. In 2010, records indicated that the company surpassed its initial target by supplying close to 10 million customers entertainment services. Profe ssionals in Stockholm came up with the idea of starting the company in 2006. Daniel, E. K spearheaded the process with the assistance of Martin Lorentzon. Thereafter, the two came up with software that offers clients registration to the site. Generally, Spotify TM has revolutionized the entertainment industry despite facing challenges in their operations. In 2009, hackers invaded the sites of the company and got away with sensitive information that belonged to clients. This contributed to major losses recorded in that year. However, the company was able to regain back its position with support from Founders funds. Besides, Spotify recruited Sean parker who reintroduced the winning strategies at the company. According to Porter (2008), the manager used a combination of marketing strategies and technologies in putting back the company to its positions. At present, Spotify is leading distributor of music in the world’s entertainment industry. Spotify TM Spotify is a cloud-based music-streaming process delivered via desktop and mobile phone. It was launched in October 2008 and offers subscribers access to a vast database of songs via the internet. In order to achieve this, Spotify TM uses many information systems, some of which are so unique to its operations. An individual could play Spotify music through their network devices, smart phones and mobile devices. Spotify also continue to innovate new features that enhances music listening from inside the house. It allows people to simplify their work and vitality as they develop an admirable in music catalogue. Additionally, Spotify availability is also found in UNIX, Microsoft spotify code windows and Macintosh. These sites contain

Gun control Revised paragraph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gun control Revised paragraph - Essay Example eans that the government will only be able to control guns that are legally obtained and are licensed and this will put the law-abiding citizens in harm’s way, as the government cannot control guns that are obtained in an illegal manner, as these guns cannot be traced by to the owner. This does not at all mean that gun control legislation should not be passed and citizens of a nation should be allowed to carry weapons. If gun control laws are being made, these laws should even address the problem of unlicensed guns and guns that are carried by criminal minds. For this purpose, a total crack down on guns in the entire nation will be required. Law enforcement agencies will have to try taking control of any weapon out their own the streets. This method of controlling guns will be quite expensive as it will require participation of huge number of law enforcement agency’s officers. Secondly, even the law abiding citizens will stand against gun control if they are not ensured that guns are not only being taken away from them, they are even taken away from the

Choose a consumer product or service that is on the market today, but Assignment

Choose a consumer product or service that is on the market today, but is declining in appeal to consumers. This product should b - Assignment Example Another explanation would be that competitors have been offering a slightly different product from the existing one with the same functions and latest features. This paper presents the current position and performance of desktop computers in the market and recommends possible ways to save the products from becoming more obsolete. Furthermore, this paper examines some market issues that greatly affect the desktop PC market. Desktop Computer and its Current Market Desktop personal computers came into existence before the latest computer tablets and netbooks were introduced to the market. Traditional personal computer has central processing units (CPU) unlike the current handy laptops and tablets. Basically, the target markets of desktop computers were businesses like internet cafes, hotels, and families with household internet access. Businesses often get desktop computers for their employees and executives for business related transactions because desktops run faster than laptops. Hou seholds also get at least one desktop computer at home despite the fact that family members may already have laptops and smartphones. According to the 2010 US Census, 63% of households with income of less than $50,000 have personal computers (desktop and/or laptops); 91% of the households having income of $50,000-$99,999; 96% of households with $100,000-$149,999; 97% of the households with income of $150,000 and more own personal computers; and, 68% of the households with income not reported have computers. Having children is also a factor to getting personal computers by households. In the same US Census, 84.1% of the households with children 6-17 years old have PCs; 79.3% of households with children not within the 6-17 range own home computers; and, 70.9% of the households with no children have personal computers. Another important demographic that also affects the decision of getting computers is the educational attainment of the households. The 2010 US Census showed that only 41 .8% of those who did not graduate from high school have home computers; 64.8% owns PCs from households with high school graduates or General Education Attainment (GED); 81.6% of those who have some college or associate degrees; and, 90.9% of the households with bachelor’s degrees and higher have personal computers. Reasons for Declining in Popularity â€Å"The decline of desktop isn’t surprising,† says Arthur (2012). According to Wilcox (2012), US sales of personal computers had reached its lowest peak on the fourth quarter of 2011, which was said to be the worst since 2001. Apple’s iPad tablets have been hurting the PC industry and affecting the current sales (Randewich, 2012). In spite of the weak sales of personal computers, Apple products have continued to flourish. Although the declining sales was partly caused by the floods in Thailand, one cannot deny the fact that consumer behaviors have also changed. Consumers are more concern on buying something that is not bulky or huge and offers multiple applications. Nowadays, most tech savvy individuals prefer to get the latest gadget. They are not anymore into desktop computers since they find it hard to update some windows applications. Smartphones, computer tablets, and netbooks have up to date applications and features. Most students already own smartphones and laptops; there would be no use of getting a desktop computer. Majority of the smartphone and laptop features have grown to be impressive over the years of

How Technology in the Workplace has shaped Outsourcing and Essay - 1

How Technology in the Workplace has shaped Outsourcing and Globalization - Essay Example ivilization or Christianity, but the real objective, according to Thurow & Lessard (2002), was to exploit the untapped resources of poorer countries so the richer countries can enhance their wealth. Probably because of this striking resemblance between colonization and latter-day globalization, analysts saw globalization coming as early as the mid-19th century. One of them was Karl Marx, who perforce warned of dire consequences: â€Å"It will make the poor poorer because it will bring down wages, increase class and country inequality, create monopolistic companies with global dimension and create economic collapse in places characterized by social, economic and political instability (Mahdavi, 2004).† Marx in his Das Kapital even expressed fear of â€Å"religious terrorism† as a possible reaction to the concept of globalization. These are exactly the same social concerns that many are raising to intersperse with the chorus of praise for the otherwise welcome benefits of technology as represented in today’s world by computers and the Internet. The questions that this paper seeks to satisfy are: Has any of Marx’s predictions come true? While technology is generally viewed as a good thing, are there any downsides to the resulting globalization that fostered business outsourcing? The information revolution as we know it traces its roots to the family computer that made video games possible. Then in mid-1970s, the electronic principle that made the family computer work was successfully expanded through a gadget that came to be known as personal computer. The personal computer with its subsequently developed Internet capability was soon hailed as a device that revolutionized information dissemination in a much bigger way than the telephone. Whereas the telephone established connection between only 2 or 3 nodes, the Internet allows simultaneous exchange of information in digital form among a limitless number of nodes. The economic impact of the

Gun control Revised paragraph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gun control Revised paragraph - Essay Example eans that the government will only be able to control guns that are legally obtained and are licensed and this will put the law-abiding citizens in harm’s way, as the government cannot control guns that are obtained in an illegal manner, as these guns cannot be traced by to the owner. This does not at all mean that gun control legislation should not be passed and citizens of a nation should be allowed to carry weapons. If gun control laws are being made, these laws should even address the problem of unlicensed guns and guns that are carried by criminal minds. For this purpose, a total crack down on guns in the entire nation will be required. Law enforcement agencies will have to try taking control of any weapon out their own the streets. This method of controlling guns will be quite expensive as it will require participation of huge number of law enforcement agency’s officers. Secondly, even the law abiding citizens will stand against gun control if they are not ensured that guns are not only being taken away from them, they are even taken away from the

How Technology in the Workplace has shaped Outsourcing and Essay - 1

How Technology in the Workplace has shaped Outsourcing and Globalization - Essay Example ivilization or Christianity, but the real objective, according to Thurow & Lessard (2002), was to exploit the untapped resources of poorer countries so the richer countries can enhance their wealth. Probably because of this striking resemblance between colonization and latter-day globalization, analysts saw globalization coming as early as the mid-19th century. One of them was Karl Marx, who perforce warned of dire consequences: â€Å"It will make the poor poorer because it will bring down wages, increase class and country inequality, create monopolistic companies with global dimension and create economic collapse in places characterized by social, economic and political instability (Mahdavi, 2004).† Marx in his Das Kapital even expressed fear of â€Å"religious terrorism† as a possible reaction to the concept of globalization. These are exactly the same social concerns that many are raising to intersperse with the chorus of praise for the otherwise welcome benefits of technology as represented in today’s world by computers and the Internet. The questions that this paper seeks to satisfy are: Has any of Marx’s predictions come true? While technology is generally viewed as a good thing, are there any downsides to the resulting globalization that fostered business outsourcing? The information revolution as we know it traces its roots to the family computer that made video games possible. Then in mid-1970s, the electronic principle that made the family computer work was successfully expanded through a gadget that came to be known as personal computer. The personal computer with its subsequently developed Internet capability was soon hailed as a device that revolutionized information dissemination in a much bigger way than the telephone. Whereas the telephone established connection between only 2 or 3 nodes, the Internet allows simultaneous exchange of information in digital form among a limitless number of nodes. The economic impact of the

Compare the Ways in Which the Roles of Women are Portrayed Essay Example for Free

Compare the Ways in Which the Roles of Women are Portrayed Essay When focusing explicitly on the topic of a woman’s seemingly ever-evolving status, one would constantly perceive it to be a working progress of the woman and the rise of her independence. So, why when analysing both, ‘The Wife of Bath’ and ‘Death of a Salesman’ do these roles of the most prominent women seem to be in reverse? The history of a woman’s autonomy branches outwards from the past, therefore enforcing the idea of a woman, living in an earlier period, to exist under high demands of fulfilling the traditional expressive position. Yet with regards to Chaucer’s tale, why is it that Alisoun is able to possess characteristics that are both a controversy for the 14th century during in which it was written, and to a certain extent, this era momentarily? On the other hand, the 1950s ‘Death of a Salesman’ harbours a heroine who remains true to her decade’s basic notion on how both a woman and a wife should persist to be, consequently presenting Linda Loman as a stock character. With a distance of 6 centuries, is there an abstruse intention to why both the female protagonists are depicted in an unusual fashion, and totally out of the ordinary when its context is taken into account, or, is this simply the writers’ approach to manifest some sort of a response, whether it be mere shock, indulgent laughter, or utter appreciation? The titles alone contain an instantaneous conception on how both women are portrayed concurrently. ‘The Wife of Bath’ obtains an immediate link to Alisoun, unlike ‘Death of a Salesman’ which simply refers to Willy Loman and includes no innuendo of his wife Linda. Alisoun’s ownership of the tale is reinforced by the noun ‘Wife’ as a direct association to her, suggesting that she is the focal point of the tale. But is she? The prologue is definitely in her possession with her martial history being the key plot; however the tale on the other hand clearly centres the knight as the protagonist, consequently endorsing the audience to make an initial judgment on Alisoun’s character as one which is strong enough to acquire her own title. Maybe Chaucer’s main purpose was to make his eponymous hero a female to either stagger the audience by the pragmatical meaning of this whereby such power and eminence is handed to a female character, or to purely ridicule a woman with any supremacy, and in effect, is symbolic since it contains the intention of formulating humour for an audience existing in a 14th century world. With this reasoning in mind, the common use of the noun ‘Wife’ would then become a more abstract version of this since, in essence, this is merely an idea of her control and alliance to the city. Perhaps the title ‘The Wife of Bath’ can be decoded then as a euphemism that solely associates with Alisoun’s, ‘Housbandes at chirche dore I have had five-‘ This has been translated as a misrepresentation of her being promiscuous which uses hyperbole to reinforce the concept and also assists in the beginning of a caricature adaptation of a woman who is unlike most others. On the contrary, since ‘Death of a Salesman’ purely refers to Willy, this would consequently support how dominating the male gender had been in the early 50s. In relation to Linda however, the absence of any insinuation of her in the title holds a vital insight of how she is portrayed through the play itself. This maintains the persistent imagery of Linda conserving her private role as a housewife, and to an extent, Willy’s constant positive conscience, Willy – ‘I suddenly couldn’t drive anymore. ’ Linda – ‘Maybe it was the steering wheel again. ’ The adverb ‘Maybe’ certainly exhibits some indecision with Linda’s response indicating that even though she may not entirely know what Willy requires, she knows it is necessary for her to provide a reasonable answer that will help ease the blame off Willy, facilitating the assumption of Linda’s loyalty to her husband, even during the worst of times. Arthur Miller’s intention of having no connotation to Linda in the title could be indeed for the purpose of supporting the idea of her selflessness compared to Willy’s egotistical behaviour. This theory of Linda’s ignored compassion is also demonstrated when Willy commits suicide. ‘I can’t understand it. ’ This simple sentence is most commonly used with the verb ‘do not/don’t’, but, semantically, Miller permits Linda to unusually phrase this with the modal auxiliary verb and the nagator ‘can’t’ to express her rejection towards comprehending his refusal of living life fully. Perhaps the importance of this approach was to portray just how vulnerable and helpless not just Linda, but the rest of the female population was in the 50s. As if to say it had nothing to do with the capacity of the female brain but the knowledge of where that woman should remain to be. The title is therefore a description of Linda’s personality and depicts just how much Linda is taken for granted. In the earliest stage directions of ‘Death of a Salesman’, the lexis used to describe Linda Loman all relate to the semantic field of household items and the act of obeying a person: ‘stirred’ ‘iron repression’ ‘admires’ ‘listening’ Semantically, theses lexicons relate to the play itself. The stative adverb ‘admire’ implies Linda may not feel worthy of Willy therefore she can only have a high regard for him and not the ability to put herself in his position. According to this then, Linda could be summarized as a character that has a low opinion of herself. The comparison to household items proves to be crucial since it could be categorized as an exposition, introducing the audience to Linda’s most prominent characteristic. A more modern audience, and in particular contemporary women, would argue that this was very demeaning since it implies this was all they are known for. Throughout the description of the Wife from the General prologue, the audience obtains a direct inkling of her character. ‘Housbandes at chirche dore she hadde five’ This sentence delivers an eye opener as to what Alisoun’s social status is. Since only the elite managed to marry inside of a church, this would then imply that from the age of 12, Alisoun has supposedly not ascended the ladder of social mobility. The syntax of this however creates some hesitancy to admit the true number of her failed marriages. Given that she leaves the actual amount ‘five’ till last reinforces the idea of her true emotions towards them. The similarity between Linda and Alisoun then would be that aside from the fact that one woman has had considerably more partners than the other: Alisoun is still in search of love, remaining to be ever willing to find her true match. This is further proven with the syntax from the quotation. As ‘Housbandes’ is the first word in the sentence, it indicates she finds pleasure in having a husband because of the urgency to articulate the concrete noun ‘Housbandes’, despite the fact that they were all failures. Linda’s crime is that she loves her only husband far too much. It is evident that in spite of her devotion to Willy, he still ignores her and takes her for granted, Linda- ‘Take an aspirin. Should I get you an aspirin? It’ll soothe you. ’ Willy- ‘I was driving along, you understand? ’ Here it is visible that Willy does overlook his wife completely by his sudden change in topicality and the flouting of the Grice’s maxim of relevance. Perhaps this is due to the way he perceives Linda, and the minimal respect he has for her. This is further evident with his tag question, ‘you understand? Unlike Robin Lakoff’s female language theory, this does not abide by her rules. In her opinion these tag questions imply a need for some support rather than a critical remark. However it is obvious that Willy does not require any backing since he is the most dominant speaker. The pragmatics of this statement show how much of a low disregard he has on Linda’s capability of understanding such a simple concep t as driving, consequently suggesting he does, in actual fact, take his loving wife for granted. Miller’s intentions here differ depending on the gender perspective. Since this is one of many occurrences where Willy insults Linda’s intelligence, this provides evidence of her complete devotion to her husband. Perhaps this mirrors the reality of the 1950s’ female audience therefore Miller’s motive in creating such a character was simply to please the existing female population at that time and nothing more. From a male point of view following the same thesis of art imitating life, Willy’s ability to have both control and authority over Linda would have also been Miller’s method in satisfying the male audience. Linda’s speech also indicates some reluctance of being abrupt towards her husband. ‘Take an aspirin. Should I get you an aspirin? ’ This reads to be an almost repaired statement, strengthening the notion of her delicacy when interacting with her husband. Depending on the stage direction as to how this is supposed to be acted out, another contention could be that Linda’s true being slipped out for a moment. The unusual abruptness of the first sentence followed by the modal verb ‘Should’ may imply how Linda must always remain to be conscious of the words she speaks even if she truthfully isn’t like that. This could possibly have been Miller’s subtle approach in exposing just how human a woman truly is. Linda’s character is one that appears to be careful in every action she undertakes, Alisoun on the other hand gives the impression of being self-sufficient in her decisions. ‘What that he mente therby, I kan nat seyn; But that I axe, why the fifthe man Was non housbonde to the Samaritan? How manye mighte she have in marriage? Yet herde I nevere tellen in myn age Upon this nombre diffinicioun. ’ In a Russian Formalist literary opinion, her attitude here in this verse would suggest she is blasphemous and very defensive of her deeds. By allowing an illiterate female commoner challenge basic Christian belief, Chaucer invites an astonishing controversial angle on reality. An audiences’ reaction to this from the 14th century would be of great annoyance towards Alisoun since she occupies no immense background to express such a powerful opinion. According to the first line ‘What that he mente therby, I kan nat seyn’ this also suggests that her judgment is based on a more personal outlook rather than facts. From my own 21st century perspective following the same Russian Formalist fundamentals, this verse stands to be an opinion and nothing more. Alisoun’s analysis may not have changed but the reaction from the audience would have instead. In actual fact, her intrusive manner would have been one that would have been valued despite of her gender. Regardless of the fact that both texts are fictional, their mediums exhibit various conclusions: since ‘The Wife of Bath’ is classed as poetry there are some limitations as to what could have been written. It would appear that Chaucer’s main objective was to entertain the listener rather than being factual. This is evident due to the consistent structure of rhyming couplets and alliteration. Somme seyde women loven best richesse, Somme seyde honour, somme seyde jolinesse,’ There is a distinctive pattern here which works throughout the rest of the tale. Seeing as though there are no breaks or clear stanzas in the poem, the use of parallelism suggests that a list is about to form without abiding by the usual formation of a list. The rhyming, alliteratio n and sibilance ‘Somme seyde’ ‘richnesse’ ‘jolinesse’, adds emphasis on the ideas explored throughout the tale in a way which amuses an audiences of any age. Death of a Salesman’ has none of these restrictions, whereby no rules or patterns are needed to be followed. Miller is able to write as he wishes, therefore could it be said that this enables him to write according to the truth? As an audience we are only ever permitted to listen and believe the character’s opinions. This limits exactly how much we should class as valid and thus acts as a confinement of plays in general. The importance of this does not only rest on how valid these texts are historically. In context to the essay question, the mediums affect the way the theme of power is portrayed. With the aid of humour, Chaucer is able to manipulate how the audience perceives the unusual occurrence of a woman who owns such authority. This comedy enables the audience to interpret the dubious topics mentioned in the prologue half -heartedly therefore suggesting that the text can’t completely be taken seriously. Conversely ‘Death of a Salesman’ does not include many entertaining scenes to conceal the control Willy has over Linda and consequently Miller sanctions the audience into producing their own take on the subjects referred to all through the play. Sometimes a woman’s basic actions can be justified by her experiences. Alisoun has the ability to convey such intense concepts because of her endless incidents in the past. Her character’s reputation appears to be licentious which consequently enables an audience to reign in on their annoyance of her. Chaucer has portrayed Alisoun in a way which can only be described as caricature. What should be taken into consideration is that perhaps Chaucer’s overall intention when creating such an exaggerated character like the wife was to humour the audience with the ridicule of a woman with such freedom. Or perhaps it was to produce a character like no other that owns the ability to question the acts of society and their standard beliefs. Out of the entire ‘Canterbury Tales’ there are only two women who possess the ability to tell their story: the Prioress and the Wife. Since the Prioress already maintains the basics of a 14th century woman graciously, Alisoun is possibly Chaucer’s technique in inventing a woman who stands for everything the ordinary woman of that time would not and as a result, portrays life on each end of the pole for all types of audiences to experience. Linda’s character owns a front which, even after the analysis, maintains the idea of an obedient wife. However, the initial idea of her abiding by this characteristic has evidently changed. Yes, she still sticks by with her husband, even after affairs and a lack of care and attention, but is she not a stronger woman in spite of all this? Alisoun has the ability to end her marriage as soon as it goes wrong as if to say she is still searching for her ‘ideal man’ and so self-sufficient that she refuses to lead a miserable life, yet Linda remains to be as courteous as ever even after the marital problems. For a 1950s audience, Miller birthed a female icon, a woman who exists in a realist play regarding the common aspiration of the attempts at conquering the ‘American Dream’. All in all, the roles which appeared to be in reverse now seem to walk side by side along the path of independence. Six centuries apart, diverse situations at hand but both individualistically vigorous women ready to undertake what life has planned for the both of them.

Space For The New Orthopedic Service Line

Space For The New Orthopedic Service Line Before the decision to build is determined there are several mitigating factors that must be considered first which are: creating customer surveys based on more defined community interest, doing market research to see the location to build the facility, taking time with the other specialist or constituent groups to listen to their input on building the facility given their past knowledge, taking time to focus on the other nonprofits within the city and the state to analyze their strategic positions, and any other knowledge source that can be utilized to make the best decision on building the medical office. The consideration to focus would be to meet the needs of our possible primary customers or patients, any supporting current customers, professional medical staff, board members of the hospital or medical group in order to meet the expectations of the five year strategic plan. Another decision could be to focus not on having patients come to us but building the office in neighborhood communities which is the new focus for building smaller medical office next to shopping which makes it more convenient for patients. In reviewing the advantages of building the new facility there are slight amounts given location of the facility such as if the facility was built on campus it would cost an estimated amount of $600,000 versus the facility being build next to the campus which is a slight increase of $700,000 which is a difference of only 100,000. By building a secondary facility there would be additional cost for building an additional MRI which would be approximately $3,000,000 however, the off-set would be additional patients could utilize the MRI which would increase revenue. By building the facility the physician group is able to use the concept of build-to-suit in order to design a facility that has the capability to focus on space efficiency and maximize productivity. When mapping out plans for building a facility one aspect is the cost of per square foot to focus on. So if our medical office is between 6,000-7,000 and $350.00 per square foot which includes the land purchase price which would equal maximum of $2,450,000. However, if we build an office that is 10,000 square foot the price drops by $200.00 per square foot which then equals $1,500,000 which would be less than the first amount the better decision would be to build the 10,000 square foot building so in essence there would be more building at less cost and room to expand. When a medical institution is considering expanding it is highly essential to focus on the four areas listed below: Quality and Safety Service Excellence Staff Achievement Growth and Profitability By building a facility the focus will have a stronger success rate given the individualized location and being able to have a bigger impact based on being blended in with the hospital numbers. If the building were built the classes attendance might increase to >75% and the CMS orthopedic indicator set could also increase to >90th percentile which would specifically improve the quality and safety focus. By being in a location that is accessible by patients the best marketing tool is by word of mouth of the patients and they might be likely to increase the score of this measure of >90th percentage as well as the physician satisfaction score which all in all would meet the service excellence measures of the facility given the location the building is built in. The other aspect would be having a close medical office that specializes in orthopedics might decrease consensus of the hospital by decreasing the surgeries which is at 14,800 and decreasing the number of ER visits which is currently 36,100 which in turns would increase revenue of the medical office. By branching off from the hospital and building a facility the physician group would start from the beginning and higher the best orthopedic nursing staff to care for the patients and given the positive environment of the new office the retention rate of the staff would increase to >90% which would improve the staff achievement measures. Lastly, the surgical cases could increase to over 2100, and the physical therapy visits could increase to over 6,500 given the size of the building and amount of physicians of therapists that were hired to care for patients. This would in-turn increase the margin of greater than $2,171,500 which would exceed the growth and profitability measures. Another measure to focus on is the tax factor because a business can deduct the taxes taken out on the structure on an annual basis which can be a great cost savings including deducting interest on the purchase loan, property taxes and other qualifying expenses. Building this medical office it would implement a successful strategic plan outlined in the boards five year plan and increase not only in volume and improved financial performance for the hospital business. It will in-turn increase services offered to the community by using the most advanced approaches to prevent, or diagnose, including treating disease processes impacting thousands in the community. b. BUYING SPACE FOR THE NEW ORTHOPEDIC SERVICE LINE. Advantages of buying would include the tax benefits for example the interest on property taxes including mortgage could be tax-deductable and the investment property alone could possibly depreciate and the costs included with owning this type of space deemed as commercial could also be tax deductable. When buying a pre-existing building it gives more opportunity to convert the space to the business needs which can include building onto the existing property, or reconfiguring the property for a better business flow effect or even removal of certain parts of the property. The tax factor would also include any type of improvements that are made to a commercial real estate investment could be deducted for up to 39 years. A depreciation of a building could be taken into account for 39 years as well which is another advantage. If the building is purchased for $251,000 and say the land it stands on is valued at $61,000 then the company could write off a bit less than $5,500 annually. The annual interest can also be deducted on the purchase loan, any type of property taxes and additional expenses that qualify under tax codes. When borrowing money for a commercial investment from any lender the percentage could be between 60%-80% or even higher given the increase for being medical users which could be up to 90% for a acquisition cost or project cost which can require a type of investment of the left over cash and stipulate that the difference in cash be reinvested in the business anywhere between 10%-40%. A bank lender could require a higher down payment but in exchange include a reasonable borrowing term would be negotiated in the contracts. The advantage to buying a commercial building is that a bank lender looks at owner-occupied type businesses in a medical capacity more favorably and would grant the request for lending. In buying a commercial building there would be no rent adjustments and the mortgage would be a set amount each month so that there is a clear idea of any costs in the future. The fixed/variable cost factor is costs that would be set especially if the fixed-rate type of loan was issued for the property. As a selling point to owning commercial property if the value of the property has increased that is another advantage for making increased profit. The appreciation factor is considered a second business for example it could be considered real estate investing by the company. If there is additional unused space the decision could be made to rent out parts of the building to outside opportunities to create additional income from the rent of those parties. c. LEASING SPACE FOR THE NEW ORTHOPEDIC SERVICE LINE. Leasing advantages to physicians could be a great opportunity for using the finances to invest in the latest and greatest medical technology of equipment or computerized electronic medical record systems instead of using cash for building or buying a medical office and having cash tied up in investment properties. Leasing is better on a business cash flow because when purchasing occurs there is a large amount of finance tied up in the equity of the building itself. By leasing advantage it really wont require a large amount of capital to start. By having this money available which is known as working capital it opens the door to new opportunities that can arise in the future. When leasing a building it makes it simpler to be able to move into prime locations in the future such as a neighborhood medical office mixed in with shopping malls and this in-turn will eliminate the task of hiring a real estate agent and all that is involved with selling the property before vacating. By leasing the medical office building the money paid in the lease could possibly be used as a tax deduction. Using the cash outlay factor effect the company would not have to put forth much money as it would if building or buying a medical office. The growth factor would focus on if the space is outgrown given the amount of patients seen by the physicians in the medical office within the five year plan then the decision could be made to purchase or buy a larger building. If part of the building was leased to several different businesses and the owner was occupying part of the building than it is money in the bank by vacating that particular space and moving to a larger one but still having other businesses resume the open space. In some instances if more space was needed to expand and the office space was available by the owner then leasing more of that medical office space could be an opportunity to expand without the cost of purchasing a building which would eliminate the cost of moving. 2. DISCUSS THE DISADVANTAGES (LIABILITIES AND RISKS) FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING OPTIONS: a. BUILDING SPACE FOR THE NEW ORTHOPEDIC SERVICE LINE. Part of building the facility takes into account the site selection either on the hospital campus or off campus and analysis, any land development and regulatory approvals that must be followed, management of the design professionals and consultants specific to technology. The most important piece would be the knowledge of medical office building designs and the appropriate licensing and permit requirements by city and state required could be costly by having to hire the professional that has up to date knowledge and experience. Another important aspect is the regulatory approvals based on healthcare facilities and any start-up requirements mandated specifically to specialized practices such as orthopedics to include day surgery or procedures and radiation MRI buildings that could be a costly disadvantage. All of these specialized areas could be a building disadvantage if the wrong person is making the decisions because fines and penalties could be imposed if there are mistakes. Another piece to consider is the cost of construction companies to build the office which could be decided by requesting competitive bids from the construction companies and then choosing the best bid for the job given the specifications of the project. The bids themselves could be a disadvantage because of the time it takes to get the bids needed in order to make the decision. The other price to focus goes with construction such as the producer price index of materials. As the economy improves in society the price of the finished product could increase based on increased cost of materials. Building a facility is really the deployment of capital that is being considered on all aspects of this project and is seen as a very large disadvantage because the capital is tied up. The growth factor cold be a disadvantage given today buying a building is the current need and maybe attractive to the business at this time. However, this disadvantage cant predict 100% what the business will need in space or the growth in the next 5-10 year span. Time is money and the disadvantage of building would mean that there would need to be made contracts of negotiation created and signed for not only the construction company that will build the facility but also the companies in which the materials to be used would need contracts specific to price and the negotiation that would need to occur for pricing. These contracts would need to be negotiated so that both parties come to agreements on the terms and this could take up to 90 days to complete in some cases. b. BUYING SPACE FOR THE NEW ORTHOPEDIC SERVICE LINE. Buying disadvantages would be there would be more upfront costs than expected. The initial capital would include a down payment, and the possibility of improvements to property which increases cost and this would include any type of property appraisals and maintenance costs. There should also be an analysis of the cost of this opportunity of the money being spent and what other options are available if the buying of the medical office wasnt an option which if an analysis wasnt completed then this could be seen as a buying disadvantage because all options werent considered. There could be a possibility on the property balance sheet that could result in restrictions of future borrowing which can be the result of this real estate debt owed. This in-turn complicates things by making things difficult to change the business based on any type of market trends in the future because of the capital being tied up in real estate. By buying this could take the physician group time to purchase the exact property needed based on business purposed and this would restrict practices until the building was found and purchased. In medical offices today the location is essential and by owning the building a large disadvantage would be making things difficult to follow market trends and move to locations that are more convenient for the community and for the business. By owning the building this creates unforeseen operational costs and time and energy in maintaining the building and the existing property surrounding the building. This can be very costly and deter from business with time and money. If the decision was to lease out part of the building then that is adding a whole other amount of expenses that is unforeseen into the process. There would be additional expenses in being a landlord as well owner of the building. The cash outlay factor would be another disadvantage given more money would be needed in order to purchase a building instead of leasing. c. LEASING SPACE FOR THE NEW ORTHOPEDIC SERVICE LINE. Leasing disadvantages would include costs that are unexpected such as possible rent increases especially during the time in which the lease expires. Sometimes in the leasing contracts there could be an allowance of annual increases includes based on the consumer price index that if not pointed out could be extensive. By leasing there is a restriction based on the space and it adapting to the needs of the business there might not be room for expansion. When the business needs expansion and the space is limited there is only one choice which is to vacate which means if the lease or contract is for a period of time and the need of the business is under that amount of time then by the terms of the contract there would be fines and penalties involved if vacating before the expiration date of the contract of the lease. The fixed/variable cost factor is a large disadvantage based on the market trends especially when the lease expires. The huge disadvantage to leasing is that the business will be dependent on the landlord and what they are willing to change or modify for business needs. One piece a landlord owner can do is to terminate the contract lease if they have other plans for the property such as selling. Leasing a building is not an easy one given the market trends, the tax involved, and the financial analysis that would need to be completed before this decision to lease a business building was complete which takes time and money. An owner of a medical office can be forced to increase rent of the leased property to meet fair market value in adherence of Medicare regulations. Another disadvantage is regarding the fact of it being a medical office and the negotiated contract of a long term lease which varies between 5-15 years to estimate the improvements that can be costly to the building which are known as all-inclusive contract leases and triple net contract leases which means that the cost of the operating expenses in be changed to impact the physician group that leases the building which can be very much a huge costly disadvantage. 3. RECOMMEND WHAT YOU CONSIDER TO BE THE BEST OPTION FOR THE FACILITY. The recommendation regarding building, buying, or leasing a medical office would be to focus on clear objectives in the first step of the analysis. The impact of the decision will affect the finances of the business and any relationships with vendors and customers. The list of objectives needs to be compiled to identify all aspects needed for ownership versus leasing. By analyzing this information it could bring forth aspects that werent previously considered at the onset of the beginning which can change the overall decision. Some of the facts to consider in the recommendation are: Cost Control: When needing office space this is considered due to the change in market trends and business strategies as far as where the business needs to change or improve or expand. Businesses when making these type of decisions usually have capital to invest over long terms. However, if buying a building the structure itself, may need updates or improvements which would decrease the amount of capital for the improvements to occur. Location of the building: Business successful is highly dependent on the location of services it offices to the community. One of the critical factors in physician practice today is the accessibility and proximity for the patients which can justify paying a larger lease of office space based on this factor. If the building is bought or built and the areas that surround it is less desirable for patients then, the decision to resist any long term agreements might be considered. In this type of situation a lease would be more desirable based on the open door of being able to relocate to another facility when the business needs change. Expansion is another factor to consider based on the needs of the community and the business needs. If a lease was signed then the permission to expand or alter the building would need to be made by the owner and the costs of those changes would be based on the negotiated contract terms that were signed at the start. By owning the structure the difference is it makes it easier to change the space of the building without going through a landlord. Tax advantage focus would be to consider the current tax laws of the state and have the ability to shelter any type of taxable income. The write offs are increased over the last 20+ years including annual operating losses to be claimed that can no longer be used to off-set other taxable income as it was in the previous years. The losses that occur can possibly be used against real estate ventures and brought forward in order to still save on the taxes. The advantage could be that any revenue of the real estate itself could be taxed at the capital gains rate of return and this could be in fact lower than normal tax rates. In all there is tax advantages of real estate property that is owned versus leased but the entire decision should not be solely based on the tax factors. When leasing a property the related occupancy cost including rent, could be tax deductable for some sort of a tax reduction. The ROI (Return On Investment) has shown that physician groups have been disappointed at the retirement age because of lack of equity in the business. Several factors include property overpayment, property that has been leveraged over, lack of maintenance on the property, and unknown market conditions based on the economy. If an appraisal is done properly before the building is purchased it would show the current fair market value, financing that is lending favorable to a bank institution, and ways for equity build up on the property in question. If owning the building there is a way to make debt service payments each month, which in-turn increases the equity of the property by reducing the principal debt. By leasing the property instead of buying there is no concern regarding equity that is lacking or principle debt needing to be paid off base dont eh negotiated contract terms of the loan. By leasing the up keep of the building is the responsibility of the owner not the tenant that leases the building. Finance numbers should be evaluate by a CPA (Certified Public Account) to prepare a type of financial projection that can show costs associated with leasing the building versus purchasing the building or building the structure. This estimation will be needed in the event the decision to purchase a building is decided. This report can show income that is taxable or at a loss and can also show the cash flow analysis of what payment is needed is bought, built or leased. Negotiated contract terms are considered in all three aspects of building, buying, and leasing. These contract terms show financial lender rates and terms for financing or they can show terms based on leasing from the owner of the building structure. Recommendation would be to lease the building structure in order to have capital in reserve. By engaging a design architect and estimate costs of any renovations needed in advance gives a better picture of what is needed in finances to start. Given the opportunity to change based on market trends and location is appealing and an option based on leasing the space of an office building. In reviewing the fact that an OB/GYN specialty group was not successful in a previous attempt allows for a trial period to show if the needs of the community will be met with the orthopedic office. If the market trend in times shows that the need is not as anticipated as expected then it is easier to terminate a lease then selling an office building. Any costs associated with leasing is not always the tenants responsibility this can be an advantage based on the negotiated contract terms of the lease and maybe the costs could be shared or possibly a negotiation of several months of rent would not need paid while the physician group paid for the necessary changes to the building based on the business. By giving the orthopedic practice time to access any long-term goals, and focus on cash requirements needed weighed against the risk of long term building ownership the decision to else would increase revenue to invest in new technology equipment and computer electronic medical record systems. The lease option would in-turn free up some of the capital for other type of business investments to increase revenue. Given the unpredictability of the current economy, loss of jobs for people in the community which amounts to loss of healthcare coverage which in-turn is loss of business for the orthopedic practice. It is better to make a temporary decision to lease a facility and see what the community need will be in 5 years from now.